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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ‘OCCUPATION’ & ‘POSSESSION’ IN LAND LAW, AND THAT WHICH CAN LEAD TO PRESUMPTION OF OWNERSHIP

Dictum

But the real problem of such cases is that quite often, as in this case, there is tendency to confuse possession with mere occupation. ‘Occupation’ as used in relation to land entails mere physical control of the land in the time being. It is a matter of fact. Such a control may have originated from permission from the true owner; it may have been by stealth; or it may be a tortuous trespass. Possession of land, on the other hand, may, sometimes entail or even coincide with occupation of it; but is not necessarily always synonymous or coterminous with it. A man, such as a landlord who collects rents from his tenants, may be in legal possession of the land even though he does not set his feet on it. This is why distinction is often made between de facto possession, which is mere occupation and de jure possession which entails possession animo possidendi with that amount of occupation, control or even, sometimes, the right to occupy at will is sufficient to exclude other persons from interfering. See Lasisi Akanni Buraimoh v. Rebecca Ayinke Bamgbose (1989) 3 A N.W.L.R. (Pt. 109) 352 at p. 361. Within the meaning of this concept of possession, a man ordinarily living in Maiduguri may be in possession of a vacant house in Lagos if he is in possession of the keys. But in my opinion, that possession admission of which is capable of raising a presumption of ownership of land under section 145 of the Evidence Act must be that which amounts to de jure exclusive possession not mere occupation.” (Italics for emphasis)

— Edozie JSC. Cosm As Ezukwu v. Peter Ukachukwu Jude Ukachukwu (SC. 160/2000, 2 July 2004)

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WHAT IS POSSESSION OF LAND

What is possession of a parcel of land? What does possession of a parcel of land mean? Possession of a parcel of land means the occupation or physical control of the land either personally or through an agent or servant. A trespasser does not by the act of trespass secure possession of the land in law.

– Obaseki, JSC. Ekpan v. Agunu (1986)

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OWNER OF LAND AND INTRUDER CANNOT BE IN POSSESSION AT THE SAME TIME; BETTER TITLE SUCCEEDS

The plaintiff and the 1st defendant say that they are in possession. The position however is that an owner of land and a person intruding on that land without his consent cannot both be in possession of the land at the same time. Possession resides in the claimant that establishes a better title. See Pius Amakor v. Benedict Obiefuna (1974) 3 SC 67 at 82; Ogunbiyi v. Adewunmi (1988) 5 NWLR (Pt.93) 215.

— Katsina-Alu JSC. Engineer Bayo Akinterinwa & Anor V. Cornelius Oladunjoye (SC.98/94, 7 April 2000)

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OCCUPIER VS POSSESSION VS TITLE

My first observation is that, contrary to what was the case with the Land Tenure Law of former Northern Nigeria which defined a “right of occupancy” as a “title to the use and occupation of land”, the Land Use Act, 1978, contains no such provision. It never associated the certificate with title. All it does is to give aright of occupancy to an “occupier”, an occupier meaning “any person lawfully occupying land under customary law and a person using and occupying land in accordance with customary law and includes the sub-lessee or sub-under lessee of a holder.” “Occupy” is not defined in the Act. But according to Oxford Universal Dictionary illustrated (3rd Edn.) Vol.2, p.1356, to “occupy” means “to take up, use up, fill (space or time).” It can therefore be seen that a person who occupies real property does not necessarily assert title or ownership to it. He does not even necessarily assert possession of it which not only entails physical possession (or right to possess) but also the intention to defend that possession against the whole world except, sometimes, the true owner. Title, on the other hand, implies the existence of facts from which the right to ownership and possession could be inferred, limitation being only in terms of time, depending as such a title is freehold or leasehold, and so on.

— Nnaemeka-Agu, JSC. Ogunleye v Oni (1990) – S.C. 193/1987

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